P1 - Logic Gate

Logic Gates and their Symbols
As it has already been explained, a logic gate is either a model of a physical component or the actual
component which implements a Boolean function. In other words, it performs a logical operation on
one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. There are two sets of logic gate symbols
in common use, both now defined by ANSI/IEEE Std 91-1984 and its supplement ANSI/IEEE Std 91a-
1991. The one based on traditional schematics is known as "distinctive" or "military" base shape. It is
used for simple drawings and for describing the complex logic functions of digital circuits with
schematic symbols. The "rectangular shape" set, based on IEC 60617-12, has rectangular shapes for
all types of gates and allows for the representation of a wider range of devices than the traditional
symbols. IEC 617-12 and its successor IEC 60617-2, the standard adopted in Europe, do not include
the "distinctive shape" symbols.
During this course, The ANSI/IEEE rectangular shape symbols will be used for showing real
schematic circuits, while the ANSI/IEEE distinctive shape symbols will rather be used for explaining
Boolean algebraic concepts or for Boolean simplifications. The following table shows those symbols.
However, the individual gates will be presented one by one in the exercises that follow.
ANSI/IEEE Distinctive ANSI/IEEE Rectangular

Operation IEC 60617-12 Symbol
Shape Shape
NOT
AND
OR
NAND
NOR
XOR
XNOR
NOT
In the following experiment, you will observe the outputs of a NOT gate according to its inputs and
determine the Boolean expressions which define its behaviour.
Boolean
TTL
IEC 60617-12 ANSI/IEEE ANSI/IEEE Recta Algebra
Operation Family IC
Symbol Distinctive Shape ngular Shape Expressio
Example
n
x=
NOT 74XX04
x = A
The NOT operation is different from other operations because it can be applied to only one input
variable. The output has the opposite logical value of the input. The NOT operation is also called
inversion or complement. As you can see on the table, both A and A mean inversion (negation). In
this course, both of them will be used with no difference in meaning.
Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Open the virtual instrument Digital Input/Output Display via the menu option Instruments | Digital |
Input and Output or by clicking on the image below.
Variable(s) State Logic value
Outputs Q0...Q15
Assemble the Outputs Q0...Q15 following circuit

as shown in the diagram and
animation.
Inputs I0...I15
Inputs I0...I15
AND
In the following experiment, you will observe the outputs of an AND gate according to its inputs and
TTL
Boolean
Family
Operati IEC 60617-12 ANSI/IEEE Distinctive ANSI/IEEE Rectangul Algebra
IC
on Symbol Shape ar Shape Expressi
Exampl
on
e
x=AB
AND x = A B 74XX08
x = AB
The AND operation logically multiplies its inputs. The output of an AND gate is high only when all its
inputs are high. For all other cases, the output is expected to be low.

Outputs Q0...Q15
Outputs Q0...Q15
Inputs I0...I15
Inputs I0...I15
Now you will make the connections for performing two simple experiments which together with the
previous results will help you derive four simple rules concerning AND operators.
AA
AA
OR
In the following experiment, you will observe the outputs of an OR gate according to its inputs and
TTL
Boolean
IEC 60617-12 ANSI/IEEE ANSI/IEEE Rectangular Family
Operation Algebra
Symbol Distinctive Shape Shape IC
Expression
Example
x=A+B
OR 74XX32
x = A B
The OR operation logically adds its inputs. The output of an OR gate is high when either or both of its
inputs are high and low when both inputs are low.

Outputs Q0...Q15
Outputs Q0...Q15
Inputs I0...I15
Inputs I0...I15
Now you will make the connections for performing two simple experiments which together with the
previous results will help you derive four simple rules concerning OR operators.
A+A
A+A
NAND (Not AND)
In the following experiment, you will observe the outputs of a NAND gate according to its inputs and
Boolean TTL
IEC 60617-12 ANSI/IEEE ANSI/IEEE Rectangular
Operation Algebra Family IC
Symbol Distinctive Shape Shape
Expression Example
x= AB
NAND x = A B 74XX00
x = AB
As you have probably noticed, the NAND gate's symbol is almost the same as that for the AND,
except that a small circle at the output is added. This small circle denotes the inversion operation.
Therefore, as you can already imagine, the NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT
gate, but let us corroborate this with the following experiments.

Outputs Q0...Q15
Outputs Q0...Q15
Inputs I0...I15
Inputs I0...I15
Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation and answer the questions below.
NOR (Not OR)
In the following experiment, you will observe the outputs of a NOR gate according to its inputs and
TTL
Boolean
Family
Operati IEC 60617- ANSI/IEEE Distinctive ANSI/IEEE Rectangul Algebra
IC
on 12 Symbol Shape ar Shape Expressi
Examp
on
le
x= A+B
74XX0
NOR
2
x = A B
As you have probably noticed, the NOR gate's symbol is almost the same as that for the OR, except
that a small circle at the output is added. This small circle denotes the inversion operation. Therefore,
as you can already imagine, the NOR gate operates as an OR gate followed by a NOT gate, but let
us corroborate this with the following experiments.

Outputs Q0...Q15
Outputs Q0...Q15
Inputs I0...I15
Inputs I0...I15
Additional Boolean Functions: XOR and XNOR
In the following experiment, you will observe the outputs of an XOR gate according to its inputs and
TTL
Boolean
ANSI/IEEE ANSI/IEEE Rectangular Family
Operation IEC 60617-12 Algebra
Distinctive Shape Shape IC
Expression
Example
x=AB
XOR (also
74XX86
EXOR)
x = A B
The XOR operation is also known as exclusive OR. The exclusive OR might be thought of as the
"John-Wayne OR": "...Stranger, this town ain't big enough for both of us...one of us is gonna have to
leave, either YOU or ME"... Can you guess why? If not, you will discover it with the following
experiment.

Outputs Q0...Q15
Outputs Q0...Q15
Inputs I0...I15
Inputs I0...I15
TTL
ANSI/IEEE ANSI/IEEE Rectangular Boolean
Operation IEC 60617-12 Family IC
Distinctive Shape Shape Algebra
Example
XNOR x=AB
(also 74XX266
EXNOR) x=AB
The XNOR operation is also known as exclusive NOR or exclusive Not OR and you will discover why
in the following experiment.
Assemble the circuit as shown in the animation. Notice that in this case, the circuit for an XNOR gate
was indirectly built using an XOR and a NOT gate. However, the XNOR IC circuit for the TTL family
is available with the number 74LS266, for example.

P1 - Logic Gate

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Logic Gates and their Symbols

ANSI/IEEE Distinctive ANSI/IEEE Rectangular

Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Variable(s) State Logic value

Assemble the Outputs Q0...Q15 following circuit

Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Variable(s) State Logic value

Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Variable(s) State Logic value

Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Variable(s) State Logic value

Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Variable(s) State Logic value

Assemble the circuit as shown in the diagram and animation.

Variable(s) State Logic value

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